THE CHANDRAYAAN -3

 THE CHANDRAYAAN -3

Chandrayaan-3 (transl. "mooncraft";[6][7] pronunciation (help·info)) is the third lunar exploration mission by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).[8] It consists of a lander and the Pragyan rover similar to Chandrayaan-2, but does not have an orbiter. Its propulsion module behaves like a communication relay satellite. The propulsion module carries the lander and rover configuration until the spacecraft is in a 100 km lunar orbit.[9][10]

Chandrayaan-3

Chandrayaan-3 Integrated Module

Mission type

Lunar lander, rover, Propulsion Module

Operator

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)

Website

www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html

Mission duration

Vikram lander: ≤ 14 days (planned)

Pragyan rover: ≤ 14 days (planned)(equal to one lunar day as the equipment works on solar energy)

Spacecraft properties

Bus

Chandrayaan

Manufacturer

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)

Launch mass

3900 kg

Payload mass

Propulsion Module: 2148 kg

Lander Module (Vikram): 1752 kg including Rover (Pragyan) of 26 kg

Total: 3900 kg

Power

Propulsion Module: 758 W Lander Module: 738W, WS with Bias Rover: 50W

Start of mission

Launch date

14 July 2023 14:35 IST, (9:05 UTC)[1][2]

Rocket

LVM3 M4

Launch site

Satish Dhawan Space Centre

Contractor

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)

Moon lander

Spacecraft component

Rover

Landing date

23 August 2023 17:47 IST, (12:17 UTC)[3][4]

Landing site

69.367621 S, 32.348126 E[5]

Chandrayaan programme

← Chandrayaan-2Lunar Polar Exploration Mission →

 

Following Chandrayaan-2, where a last-minute glitch in the landing guidance software led to the lander crashing after entering lunar orbit, another lunar mission was proposed.[11]

The launch of Chandrayaan-3 took place at 14 July 2023, at 2:35 pm IST[12] and injection of 100 km circular polar orbit was completed successfully as part of phase one.[2][13]The lander and rover is expected to land near the lunar south pole region on 23 August 2023.

चंद्रयान-3 चांद पर खोजबीन करने के लिए भारतीय अंतरिक्ष अनुसंधान संगठन (इसरो) द्वारा तैयार किया गया तीसरा चंद्र मिशन है। [2] इसमें चंद्रयान-2 के समान एक लैंडर और एक रोवर होगा, लेकिन इसमें ऑर्बिटर नहीं होगा।[3] [4]

चंद्रयान-3

चन्द्रयान-3 का एकीकृत मॉड्यूल

चन्द्रयान-3 का एकीकृत मॉड्यूल

मिशन प्रकार

चन्द्र लैंडर तथा रोवर

संचालक (ऑपरेटर)

भारतीय अंतरिक्ष अनुसंधान संगठन (इसरो)

वेबसाइट

चंद्रयान 3

मिशन अवधि

विक्रम लैंडर: <15 दिन

प्रज्ञान रोवर: <15 दिन

अंतरिक्ष यान के गुण

बस

चंद्रयान

निर्माता

भारतीय अंतरिक्ष अनुसंधान संगठन(इसरो)

पेलोड वजन

प्रोपल्शन मॉड्यूल: 2148 किग्रा

लैंडर मॉड्यूल (विक्रम): 26 किग्रा के (प्रज्ञान) रोवर सहित 1752 किग्रा

कुल: 3900 किलोग्राम

ऊर्जा

प्रोपल्शन मॉड्यूल: 758 W

लैंडर मॉड्यूल: 738 W

रोवर: 50 W

मिशन का आरंभ

प्रक्षेपण तिथि

14 जुलाई 2023 14:35 IST, (9:05 UTC)[1]

रॉकेट

LVM3 M4

प्रक्षेपण स्थल

सतीश धवन अंतरिक्ष केंद्र

ठेकेदार

भारतीय अंतरिक्ष अनुसंधान संगठन

----

भारतीय चन्द्रयान अभियान(इसरो)

← चंद्रयान-2 चंद्र ध्रुवीय अन्वेषण मिशन (LUPEX) →

ये मिशन चंद्रयान-2 की अगली कड़ी है, क्योंकि पिछला मिशन सफलता पूर्वक चांद की कक्षा में प्रवेश करने के बाद अंतिम समय में मार्गदर्शन सॉफ्टवेयर में गड़बड़ी के कारण सॉफ्ट लैंडिंग के प्रयास में विफल हो गया था, सॉफ्ट लैन्डिंग का पुनः सफल प्रयास करने हेतु इस नए चंद्र मिशन को प्रस्तावित किया गया था। [5]

चंद्रयान-3 का लॉन्च सतीश धवन अंतरिक्ष केंद्र शार, श्रीहरिकोटा से 14 जुलाई, 2023 शुक्रवार को भारतीय समय अनुसार दोपहर 2:35 बजे निर्धारित किया गया है।[6]

Indian independent movement||hindi article

भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता आन्दोलन राष्ट्रीय एवम् क्षेत्रीय आह्वानों, उत्तेजनाओं एवम् प्रयत्नों से प्रेरित, भारतीय राजनैतिक संगठनों द्वारा संचालित अहिंसावादी आन्दोलन था, जिनका एक समान उद्देश्य,अंग्रेजी शासन से भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप को मुक्त करना था। इस आन्दोलन का आरम्भ १८५७ के सिपाही विद्रोह से माना जा सकता है। जिसमें स्वाधीनता के लिए हजारों लोगों की जान गई। भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस ने १९२९ के लाहौर अधिवेशन में अंग्रेजों से पूर्ण स्वराज की माँग की।

• 

  तमिल पत्रिका

औपनिवेशिक भारत

अखंड भारत की शाही सत्ताएँ
डच भारत	1605–1825
डेनिश भारत	1620–1869
फ्रांसीसी भारत	1769–1954
पुर्तगाली भारत (1505–1961)
हिन्दुस्तान घर	1434–1833
पुर्तगाली ईस्ट इण्डिया कम्पनी	1628–1633
ब्रिटिश भारत (1612–1947)
ईस्ट इण्डिया कम्पनी	1612–1757
भारत में कम्पनी शासन	1757–1858
ब्रिटिश राज	1858–1947
बर्मा में ब्रिटिश शासन	1824–1948
ब्रिटिश भारत में रियासतें	1721–1949
भारत का बँटवारा	1947

THE INDIA GATE

THE INDIAN GATE

India Gate

 The India Gate was part of the work of the Imperial War Graves Commission (IWGC), which came into existence in December 1918 under the British rule for building war graves and memorials to soldiers who were killed in the First World War.^[3] The foundation stone of the gate then called the All India War Memorial, was laid on 10 February 1921, at 16:30, by the visiting Duke of Connaught in a ceremony attended by officers and men of the British Indian Army, Imperial Service Troops, the commander in chief, and Chelmsford, the viceroy.^[4] On the occasion, the viceroy is reported to have said, "The stirring tales of individual heroism, will live forever in the annals of this country", and that the memorial which was a tribute to the memory of heroes, "known and unknown", would inspire future generations to endure hardships with similar fortitude and "no less valor".^[4] The Duke also read out a message by the King, which said, "On this spot, in the central vista of the Capital of India, there will stand a Memorial Archway, designed to keep", in the thoughts of future generations, "the glorious sacrifice of the officers and men of the British Indian Army who fought and fell". During the ceremony, the Deccan Horse, 3rd Sappers and Miners, 6th Jat Light Infantry, 34th Sikh Pioneers, 39th Garhwal Rifles, 59th Scinde Rifles (Frontier Force), 117th Mahrattas, and 5th Gurkha Rifles

Ten years after the foundation stone's laying on 12 February 1931, the memorial was inaugurated by Lord Irwin, who, on the occasion, said "those who after us shall look upon this monument may learn in pondering its purpose something of that sacrifice and service which the names upon its walls record."^[5] In the decade between the laying of foundation stone of the memorial and its inauguration, the rail-line was shifted to run along the Yamuna River, and the New Delhi Railway Station was opened in 1926.^[6]

The gate, which is illuminated every evening from 19:00 to 21:30, today serves as one of Delhi's most important tourist attractions. Cars used to travel through the gate until it was closed to traffic.^{[citation needed]} The Republic Day Parade starts from Rashtrapati Bhavan and passes around the India Gate.^{[citation needed]} India gate is often a location for civil society protests, including demonstrations in response to the Nirbhaya rape case in 2012 and the Unnao rape case in 2017, and as part of the 2011 anti-corruption movement.^[7][8][9]

In 2017, the India Gate was twinned with the Arch of Remembrance in Leicester, England,^{[further explanation needed]} another Lutyens war memorial, following a very similar design but on a smaller scale. In a ceremony, India's high commissioner to the United Kingdom laid a wreath at the arch in Leicester and the British high commissioner to India laid one at the India Gate.^[10]

THE AGRA FORT HISTORICAL PLACE

 THE AGRA FORT 

Agra fort 

The Agra Fort is a historical fort in the city of Agra, and also known as Agra's Red Fort. Mughal emperor Humayun was crowned at this fort. It was later renovated by the Mughal emperor Akbar from 1565 and the present-day structure was completed in 1573. It served as the main residence of the rulers of the Mughal dynasty until 1638, when the capital was shifted from Agra to Delhi. It was also known as the "Lal-Qila" or "Qila-i-Akbari".[1] Before capture by the British, the last Indian rulers to have occupied it were the Marathas. In 1983, the Agra fort was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site because of its importance during the Mughal Dynasty.[2] It is about 2.5 kilometers (1.6 mi) northwest of its more famous sister monument, the Taj Mahal. The fort can be more accurately described as a walled city. It was later renovated by Shah Jahan.

Agra Fort

Agra 03-2016 10 Agra Fort.jpg

Agra Fort

Location

Agra, Uttar Pradesh

Area

38 ha (94 acres)

Architectural style(s)

Mughal

Owner

Lodi Dynasty (1504–1526)

Mughal Empire (1526–1540)

Suri Dynasty (1540–1555)

Mughal Empire (1556–1761)

Bharatpur State (1761–1774)

Mughal Empire (1774–1785)

Maratha Empire (1785–1803)

British Government (1803–1947)

Government of India (1947–present day)

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Criteria

Cultural: (iii)

Reference

251

Inscription

1984 (8th Session)

Coordinates

27°10′46″N 78°01′16″E

MapWikimedia | © OpenStreetMap

Map of Agra Fort

Like the rest of Agra, the history of Agra Fort prior to Mahmud of Ghazni's invasion is unclear. However, in the 15th century, the Chauhan Rajputs occupied it. Soon after, Agra assumed the status of capital when Sikandar Khan Lodi (1487–1517 CE) shifted his capital from Delhi and constructed a few buildings in the preexisting fort at Agra. After the first battle of Panipat (1526 CE), Mughals captured the fort and ruled from it. In 1530 CE, Humayun was crowned in it. The fort was given its present appearance during the reign of Akbar (1556–1605 CE). Later, this fort was under the rule of Jats of Bharatpur for 13 years.

THE MODERN ERA OF LAL KILA

 THE MODERN ERA OF LAL KILA

 

The Red Fort, the largest monument in Delhi,^[41] is one of its most popular tourist destinations^[42] and attracts thousands of visitors every year.^[43] It is a monument of national significance; every year on India's Independence Day (15 August), the prime minister of India hoists the country's flag at the Red Fort and delivers a nationally broadcast speech from its ramparts.^[44] The fort also appears on the back of the ₹500 note of the Mahatma Gandhi New Series of the Indian rupee.^[45]

The major architectural features are in mixed condition; the extensive water features are dry. Some buildings are in fairly good condition, with their decorative elements undisturbed; in others, the marble inlaid flowers have been removed by looters. The tea house, although not in its historical state, is a working restaurant. The mosque and hammam or public baths are closed to the public, although visitors can peer through their glass windows or marble latticework. Walkways are crumbling, and public toilets are available at the entrance and inside the park. The Lahori Gate entrance leads to a mall with jewellery and craft stores. There is also a museum of "blood paintings", depicting young 20th-century Indian martyrs and their stories, an archaeological museum and an Indian war-memorial museum.^{[citation needed]}

Major eventsEdit

The Red Fort was the site of a terrorist attack on 22 December 2000, carried out by six Lashkar-e-Taiba members. Two soldiers and a civilian were killed in what the news media described as an attempt to derail India-Pakistan peace talks.^[46][47]

In April 2018, Dalmia Bharat Group adopted the Red Fort for maintenance, development, and operations, per a contract worth ₹25 crores for a period of five years, under the government's "Adopt A Heritage" scheme.^[48] The memorandum of understanding was signed with the ministries of Tourism and Culture, and the Archaeological Survey of India (A.S.I.).^[49] The adoption of the fort by a private group left people divided and drew criticism from the public, opposition political parties, and historians. It also led to the #IndiaOnSale hashtag on Twitter.^[50] In May 2018, the Indian History Congress called for the deal to be suspended until there is an "impartial review" of the deal "by the Central Advisory Board of Archaeology or any other recognised body of experts".^[51]